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Toxicology and Urine Drug Testing (UDT)

💊 MEDICATIONS

For the pain physician, Urine Drug Testing (UDT) is not a tool for "catching" patients; it is a...

Adjuvant Medications—Alpha-2 Agonists and Steroids

💊 MEDICATIONS

In the pharmacological management of pain, "adjuvant" medications are those primarily indicated...

Topical Analgesics—Lidocaine, Capsaicin, and Compounded Creams

💊 MEDICATIONS

In the modern landscape of pain management, topical analgesics have transitioned from "ancillary"...

⚡EMG/NCS

Electrodiagnostic Medicine: A Review of NCS and EMG

Electrodiagnostic (EDX) medicine is a critical diagnostic tool in the fields of pain medicine, neurology, and physiatry. It is an extension of the physical examination used to evaluate the function of the peripheral nervous system, including motor and sensory nerves,...

Exploring Electromyography Findings: Insights into Polyphasic Waves, Positive Sharp Waves, and Fibrillations

Electromyography (EMG) serves as a vital diagnostic tool in assessing neuromuscular disorders by detecting electrical activity within muscles. This review delves into the main EMG findings, including polyphasic waves, positive sharp waves, fibrillations, and other...

Comparative Review of H-Wave, F-Wave, and Somatic Evoked Potentials: Testing Setup, Anatomy, and Clinical Implications

Neurophysiological testing plays a pivotal role in evaluating peripheral nerve function and central nervous system integrity. This review provides a comprehensive comparison of three common neurophysiological techniques: H-wave, F-wave, and somatic evoked potentials....

Martin-Gruber Anastomosis: A Review of Pathology, Anatomy, and Clinical Implications

Martin-Gruber Anastomosis (MGA) is a common anatomical variant of the median and ulnar nerves in the forearm, characterized by aberrant connections between these nerves. This review provides an in-depth exploration of MGA, encompassing its pathology, anatomical...

Exploring Median Nerve Entrapment: Pathology, Anatomy, and Electrodiagnostic Insights

Median nerve entrapment syndromes encompass a spectrum of conditions characterized by compression or irritation of the median nerve along its course. This article examines the key areas of potential median nerve entrapment, elucidating their underlying pathology,...

Understanding the Contrast: Cervical Radiculopathy vs. Brachial Plexopathy

Cervical radiculopathy and brachial plexopathy are both neurological conditions involving the upper extremities, yet they stem from distinct anatomical origins and pathophysiological mechanisms. This article delineates the disparities between cervical radiculopathy...

Distinguishing Lambert-Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome (LEMS) from Myasthenia Gravis (MG)

Lambert-Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome (LEMS) and Myasthenia Gravis (MG) are both neuromuscular disorders characterized by muscle weakness, but they differ significantly in their pathophysiology, clinical presentation, and diagnostic approach. This review aims to elucidate...

Pathophysiology of Diabetic Neuropathy

Diabetic neuropathy - bilateral and symmetric - think stocking and gloves - should have bilateral slowing and lower amplitudes on NCS and spontaneous potentials including positive sharp waves (notes PSWs are inverted than what you would expect) on EMG/NCS...

NCS Basics

Nerve conduction studies (NCS) are essential electrodiagnostic tests used to evaluate peripheral nerve function and diagnose neuromuscular disorders. This review provides an overview of NCS principles, techniques, clinical applications, and considerations for...

Basic EMG

Electromyography (EMG) is a crucial diagnostic tool used in neurology and rehabilitation medicine to evaluate neuromuscular function and diagnose various conditions affecting muscles and nerves. This article provides a comprehensive overview of EMG, covering its...