For the pain physician, Urine Drug Testing (UDT) is not a tool for "catching" patients; it is a critical safety intervention and an objective component of risk stratification. On the board exams, UDT questions are notoriously high-yield, focusing on the metabolic...

In the pharmacological management of pain, "adjuvant" medications are those primarily indicated for non-pain conditions (such as hypertension or inflammation) that possess significant analgesic properties. Alpha-2 Adrenergic Agonists and Corticosteroids are essential...